PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF CHRONIC DISEASE PROGRESSION: FROM CELLULAR STRESS TO ORGAN DYSFUNCTION
Keywords:
pathophysiology, inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondria, endothelial dysfunction, fibrosis, organ failureAbstract
Chronic diseases represent the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, driven by complex and interconnected pathophysiological mechanisms. Advances in molecular and cellular biology have revealed that chronic disease progression is not the result of isolated organ dysfunction but rather a dynamic process involving persistent cellular stress, immune dysregulation, metabolic imbalance, and impaired tissue repair. These mechanisms operate across multiple systems, ultimately leading to structural damage, functional decline, and clinical deterioration. This review synthesizes current evidence on the core pathophysiological pathways underlying chronic disease development, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, endothelial injury, and maladaptive immune responses. Understanding these shared mechanisms provides a foundation for targeted therapeutic strategies and integrated disease management approaches in modern clinical practice.
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