EFFECTIVE METHODS FOR TEACHING PHARMACOLOGY IN MEDICAL EDUCATION: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
Keywords:
pharmacology education, medical students, active learning, team-based learning, case-based learning, simulation, virtual patients, spaced repetition, prescribing safetyAbstract
Pharmacology is foundational to safe prescribing, yet it is consistently perceived by learners as content-heavy, conceptually difficult, and vulnerable to rapid forgetting if taught as isolated drug facts. Contemporary evidence supports a shift from predominantly lecture-based delivery toward integrated, active, and practice-oriented instructional designs. This review synthesizes effective approaches for undergraduate medical pharmacology education, emphasizing strategies that (1) promote durable knowledge through retrieval practice and spaced repetition, (2) build clinical reasoning through case-based and team-based learning, (3) develop practical prescribing and communication skills via simulation and virtual patients, and (4) align assessment with real-world decision-making. We propose an implementation framework that combines a “core concepts + clinical application + longitudinal reinforcement” model, supported by blueprinting, deliberate practice, and programmatic assessment. Finally, we highlight common implementation pitfalls (cognitive overload, poor facilitation, misaligned assessment) and practical mitigation strategies suitable for diverse resource settings.
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