Integrated Prevention and Clinical Management of Childhood Pneumonia: Evidence-Based Strategies for Reducing Under-Five Mortality
Keywords:
childhood pneumonia, pediatric prevention, pneumococcal vaccine, antimicrobial stewardship, RSV, integrated case management, under-five mortalityAbstract
Background: Childhood pneumonia remains the single leading infectious cause of death in children under five years of age globally, accounting for approximately 14% of all under-five mortality. Objective: This review synthesizes current evidence on the prevention and integrated management of pediatric pneumonia, with particular attention to vaccine-preventable strategies, antimicrobial stewardship, and supportive care protocols. Methods: A narrative review of peer-reviewed literature published between 2015 and 2025 was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and WHO databases. Results: Vaccination with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine has substantially reduced bacterial pneumonia burden. Nirsevimab demonstrates an 87% reduction in RSV-associated lower respiratory tract disease. Integrated community case management (iCCM) and pulse oximetry-guided oxygen therapy have improved clinical outcomes. Conclusion: A multi-pronged approach combining immunization scale-up, early diagnosis, and evidence-based treatment reduces childhood pneumonia mortality. Strengthening health system capacity in low- and middle-income settings remains essential.
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