Preventive Strategies for Reducing Complications of Viral Diseases: A Comprehensive Review
Keywords:
viral diseases, vaccination, antiviral therapy, non-pharmaceutical interventions, long COVID, pandemic preparedness, complications preventionAbstract
Background: Viral infections remain a dominant cause of preventable morbidity and mortality worldwide, generating a wide spectrum of acute and long-term complications. Objective: This review synthesizes current evidence on preventive strategies targeting viral disease complications, spanning vaccination, early antiviral therapy, non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), passive immunization, and health system-level measures. Methods: A narrative review of peer-reviewed literature published between 2020 and 2025 was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Results: Vaccination remains the cornerstone of prevention, reducing severe outcomes by 70-95% across major viral pathogens. Early antiviral administration significantly mitigates post-acute sequelae. Combined NPIs effectively interrupt transmission chains. Passive immunization and digital surveillance offer complementary layers of protection. Conclusion: Multi-tiered, evidence-based preventive frameworks are essential for reducing the global burden of viral disease complications. Integration of pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies within robust public health systems represents the most effective approach.
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