Endocrinology, Preventive Medicine, Prophylaxis, Complications: Integrating Risk Reduction Across the Endocrine Lifespan
Keywords:
endocrinology, preventive medicine, prophylaxis, complications, diabetes, obesity, thyroid, pituitaryAbstract
Endocrine disorders contribute substantially to global morbidity and mortality through chronic complications that are, in large part, modifiable by prevention and early intervention across the life course. This narrative review synthesizes recent evidence (approximately 2020–2025) on preventive endocrinology with a focus on lifestyle-based primary prevention, perioperative and pharmacologic prophylaxis, and strategies to mitigate acute and chronic complications in common endocrine conditions. Prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, obesity, thyroid disease, pituitary tumors, primary aldosteronism, and treatment-related endocrinopathies are highlighted as paradigmatic conditions in which prevention frameworks are rapidly evolving. We summarize guideline updates and randomized trials on cardiovascular and microvascular complication prevention, endocrine surgery–related prophylaxis, management of immune checkpoint inhibitor–induced endocrinopathies, and emerging digital and lifestyle interventions. A conceptual model linking primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention in endocrinology is proposed, supported by illustrative comparative data and a schematic figure showing the impact of prophylactic strategies on complication rates. While substantial progress has been made, major gaps persist in long-term implementation, equity of access, and integration of precision tools into routine care. Future research should prioritize hybrid prevention models that combine technology-enabled lifestyle support, optimized pharmacotherapy, and systematic surveillance to reduce the global burden of endocrine complications.
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