Neurological Complications of Diabetes Mellitus: Endocrinological Mechanisms, Preventive Medicine Strategies, and Prophylactic Interventions
Keywords:
diabetes mellitus, diabetic neuropathy, neurological complications, preventive medicine, prophylaxis, endocrinology, autonomic neuropathyAbstract
Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder with rising global prevalence that causes diverse neurological and systemic complications. The overlap between endocrinology and neurology in DM care requires clear understanding of pathophysiology and preventive pharmacological strategies to reduce morbidity and mortality. Objective: This review summarizes neurological complications of DM, including peripheral and autonomic neuropathies, cerebrovascular disease, and other neuro‑endocrine manifestations, and synthesizes current evidence on preventive medicine and prophylaxis. Methods: A narrative review of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (2000–2024) identified fifty peer‑reviewed publications selected for relevance, methodological quality, and recency. Results: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy affects up to 60% of patients with long‑standing DM, while cardiac autonomic neuropathy is linked to roughly a two‑fold rise in cardiovascular mortality. Prophylactic measures such as intensive glycemic control, aldose reductase inhibitors, alpha‑lipoic acid, and SGLT2 inhibitors show measurable neuroprotective effects. Conclusion: Preventive approaches addressing glycemic, metabolic, and vascular risks significantly limit the development and progression of diabetic neurological complications. Early biomarker‑based screening and multidisciplinary prophylaxis remain key strategies.
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