Quantitative Perspectives on Enzyme Structure, Dynamics, and Catalysis in Modern Biochemistry
Keywords:
enzymes, catalysis, kinetics, regulation, allostery, dynamics, biocatalysis, drug development, diagnosticsAbstract
Enzymes are central to biochemistry, acting as highly specific biological catalysts that accelerate virtually every chemical reaction underpinning life, from energy metabolism to DNA replication and signal transduction. They lower activation energy by stabilizing transition states and creating optimized microenvironments within defined active sites, enabling reaction rates that can be millions-fold faster than uncatalyzed reactions while remaining tightly regulated in time and space. Modern enzymology integrates structural biology, kinetics, and protein dynamics to explain how conformational motions contribute to catalysis, substrate specificity, and allosteric regulation. This article reviews the classification of enzymes, principles of catalysis and kinetics, mechanisms of regulation, and emerging applications in biotechnology and medicine, highlighting how dynamic protein architectures translate chemical principles into robust biological function. Understanding these molecular machines informs rational drug design, biomarker development, and engineering of tailored biocatalysts for industry and personalized medicine.
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