Digital Revolution in Dentistry and Oral Surgery: A Comprehensive Review of AI, 3D Printing, Robotics and Virtual Surgical Planning
Keywords:
artificial-intelligence, 3D-printing, CAD/CAM, virtual-surgical-planning, robotics, augmented-reality, bioprintingAbstract
Digital technologies are fundamentally reshaping dentistry and oral–maxillofacial surgery (OMFS), transitioning clinical workflows from analogue, experience-dependent processes toward data-driven, patient-specific paradigms. This comprehensive review synthesizes the most recent evidence (2023–2026) on six converging technological domains: (1) artificial intelligence (AI) in diagnostics and surgical navigation, (2) three-dimensional (3D) printing and computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM), (3) virtual surgical planning (VSP), (4) robotic-assisted surgery, (5) augmented and mixed reality (AR/MR), and (6) bioprinting and tissue engineering for craniofacial reconstruction. AI-powered implant navigation systems now achieve angular deviations as low as 1.2° and tip errors of 0.4 mm, while robotic-assisted maxillofacial reconstruction has demonstrated mean positional deviations of 0.8 ± 0.3 mm versus 2.1 ± 0.7 mm for conventional surgery.
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