Structural and Clinical Characterization of Gynecomastia: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Histopathological Patterns, Hormonal Profiles, and Surgical Outcomes
Keywords:
gynecomastia, gynostructure, histopathology, hormonal profile, surgical outcomes, breast tissue, patient satisfactionAbstract
Background: Gynecomastia is the most common male breast condition, yet studies integrating histopathological features with hormonal and clinical parameters remain limited. This study evaluated gynostructural characteristics in relation to clinical grade, hormonal profiles, and surgical outcomes. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 186 males with true gynecomastia who underwent surgical excision was conducted (2020–2024). Specimens were classified as florid, intermediate, or fibrous. Preoperative hormonal profiles and postoperative satisfaction were assessed. Results: Fibrous type predominated (48.9%). Estradiol (p < 0.001) and testosterone (p = 0.003) differed significantly across histopathological types. Clinical grade correlated with histopathological pattern (χ² = 24.87, p < 0.001). Liposuction-assisted mastectomy yielded higher satisfaction than open excision (8.6 vs. 7.5; p = 0.002). Psychological function improved postoperatively (median 42 → 71; p < 0.001). Conclusion: Gynostructural features correlate with disease duration, hormonal milieu, and clinical severity, supporting integrated histopathological-hormonal assessment for individualized management.
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