Trends and Challenges in Robotic and Minimally Invasive General Surgery: A Narrative Review
Keywords:
minimally invasive surgery, robotic surgery, surgical outcomes, cost effectivenessAbstract
Background: Minimally invasive surgery (MIS), including laparoscopic and robotic techniques, has transformed general surgery by reducing postoperative pain, hospital stay, and complications, while maintaining or improving clinical outcomes. Methods: This narrative review synthesizes recent evidence and expert commentary on trends in MIS and robotic general surgery, focusing on upper gastrointestinal, hepatobiliary, and colorectal procedures. Literature from 2019–2025 was identified through targeted searches of PubMed and major surgical society outputs, emphasizing comparative effectiveness studies, cost‑effectiveness analyses, and implementation research. Results: Across multiple procedures, MIS is associated with shorter length of stay, lower wound complication rates, and faster recovery compared with open surgery, without compromising oncologic adequacy in most settings. Robotic platforms enhance dexterity and visualization, facilitating complex reconstruction and difficult pelvic dissection, but increase direct costs and require steep learning curves. Conclusions: MIS and robotic surgery are now central to general surgical practice, offering clear perioperative benefits but posing challenges in cost, training, and resource allocation.
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