Advances in Microbiology-Driven Antiviral Disease Prevention, Management, and Outcome Assessment Over the Last Decade
Keywords:
microbiology, antiviral therapy, disease prevention, COVID-19, gut microbiota, clinical diagnostics, host-directed therapy, implementationAbstract
The last decade has seen rapid advances in microbiology, antiviral pharmacotherapy, and implementation science that have transformed prevention and management of viral diseases. This narrative review synthesizes evidence from 2014–2025 on how modern clinical microbiology, host–virus interaction studies, and implementation research inform antiviral strategies and outcome assessment. Recent diagnostic innovations, including high‑throughput and syndromic molecular platforms, have shortened time‑to‑result and improved antimicrobial stewardship for viral infections, while work on the gut microbiota has revealed its contribution to antiviral immunity and therapeutic response. Direct‑acting antivirals such as remdesivir, molnupiravir, and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (paxlovid) have significantly reduced hospitalization and mortality when used early in at‑risk COVID‑19 patients, and are complemented by monoclonal antibodies and host‑directed approaches. Implementation studies highlight persistent gaps in equitable access and timely treatment initiation, underscoring the importance of test‑and‑treat models and context‑specific policies. The review concludes that effective viral disease control now depends on integrating microbiome‑informed prevention, precision antiviral use, and rigorous outcome assessment using real‑world data.
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