Post-Accident Mandibular Fractures: A Comprehensive Review of Etiology, Classification, Diagnosis, and Management
Keywords:
Mandibular fractures, maxillofacial trauma, road traffic accidents, open reduction internal fixation, mandibular anatomy, fracture classificationAbstract
Mandibular fractures are among the most frequently encountered injuries in maxillofacial trauma, primarily resulting from road traffic accidents, falls, interpersonal violence, and sports-related incidents. The mandible, being the largest and strongest bone of the facial skeleton, is paradoxically vulnerable to fracture owing to its prominent anatomical position and unique biomechanical properties. This comprehensive review examines the epidemiological patterns, etiological factors, anatomical classification systems, diagnostic modalities, and contemporary management strategies for post-accident mandibular fractures. A detailed analysis of fracture distribution by anatomical site reveals that the body of the mandible is the most commonly affected region, followed by the symphysis and angle. Diagnostic imaging, particularly cone-beam computed tomography, has significantly enhanced the accuracy of fracture identification and surgical planning. Treatment approaches range from conservative closed reduction with maxillomandibular fixation to open reduction with internal fixation using titanium miniplates. This review synthesizes current evidence from twenty key studies to provide clinicians with an updated framework for the optimal management of these injuries, emphasizing the importance of early intervention, appropriate fixation methods, and comprehensive postoperative rehabilitation.
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