Heavy Energy Drink Consumption and Heart Failure: A Narrative Review
Keywords:
energy drinks, cardiomyopathy, heart failure, caffeine, taurine, young adults, arrhythmia, dilated cardiomyopathyAbstract
Energy drink consumption has increased rapidly among adolescents and young adults, paralleled by a growing number of reports linking these beverages to serious cardiovascular events, including heart failure. This narrative review summarizes current evidence on heart failure occurring after energy drink intake, focusing on clinical case reports, proposed pathophysiological mechanisms, and differential risk between drink formulations. Published cases consistently describe young, previously healthy individuals presenting with dilated cardiomyopathy, biventricular dysfunction, or decompensated heart failure after chronic high-volume energy drink use, often in the absence of structural coronary disease. Mechanistic data implicate synergistic toxicity of high-dose caffeine, taurine, other stimulants, and sugar on myocardial function and electrical stability. Although causal inference is limited by observational designs and small numbers, the accumulating literature raises important safety concerns and suggests a dose–response relationship. Clinicians should actively inquire about energy drink use in unexplained non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy, particularly in younger patients, and counsel on moderation. Larger epidemiological and mechanistic studies are needed to clarify susceptibility factors and establish regulatory thresholds.
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